BASIC NETWORKING COMMANDS

          

Today we will know the first part of the. Basie networking commands in today's session we are going to see the basic networking commands such as IP config,all in this lookup ping and traceroute. we will now see how to use the commands in the command prompt to use the basic networking commands. we are required to go to the command prompt just click on the start menu and type CMD if you type CMD the command prompt option is shown under programs, the command window is now before us now, and we can give the commands. so that this command prompt accepts the commands and gives the result whatever we want the first command. that I am going to use is not a networking command this command is just for increasing the readability of the command prompt.  the command is C whoa L o our color space see the text color is changed now.

IP config commands:---

 I will give you a shortcut, he'll color when you give help and color you can see various color codes, that are shown we will go with the color code B it is light aqua. so I will give color space B yeah I think this is fine now for better readability only.

 I have changed this color if you are not aware of the color command. so this is a bonus for you just know it now the first command for the day is seeing the IP configuration detail. we are required to give the command IPconfig once we give IPconfig and press ENTER we will get the IP configuration details of the computer.

 I have not established the local area network using Ethernet cable here. I have established the local area network through a Wi-Fi LAN adapter so I am getting Internet connectivity through my Wi-Fi router, now just see what is the ipv4 address of this computer or this interface the IP address of this .a computer is 192 .168 or 29.1 73. and if you observe every IP address is always a complaint by the subnet mask we will see about the subnet mask elaborately in the subnetting part of the series.

                     

 now for time being just know every IP address is always accompanied by the subnet mask, and this subnet mask only determines who are the neighbors in our network. if this computer wants to contact other computers in our local area network so it can be done easily, but if this computer wants to compact a the computer that is not in our local area network. it needs to hit the router so the router's IP address is 192.168.29.1 please note our computer's IP.

 the address is 192.168.29.1  and the router was the first router for computer hits it is 192.168.29.1 I hope you can correlate this with the scenario, which we had seen in the previous literature default gateway, which means the IP address of the first router it is hitting this router will be normally in our vicinity only so please note the IP address of the first router it is going to hit is 192.168.29.1 I request. you to please make a note of the IP address of this computer and the IP address of the router the first router that we are hitting is the default gateway.

so in any packet wants to go to a different network say from this compute, If I want to access Google com it is a different network so this the computer will send the data of the request to the default gateway that is this router, and it becomes the responsibility of that router to forward the data of the requests to other notice and ensure that the request. has reached the destination so far we have seen the IP config details that are the IP protocol so we know this IP stands for Internet Protocol. so this is the layer 3 information we are accessing layer 3 means IP address-related information now if you want layer 2 information, that is what is the MAC address of this computer? that is currently used to know the MAC address of this computer so we are required to give IP config /all so this all will give you the MAC address details now this computer is connected to the wireless LAN, we are concerned about this Wireless LAN adapter only so we will see where is the physical address yes here is the physical address of this computer is
94 - 39 -ePHI - e 7 -for C - for D

 So any packet that goes from this computer uses this address in the lair - that is the data link layer it uses this address in layer three because this is the IP address. so the network layer uses this address and the data link layer uses this address. so far we have seen IPconfig and IPconfig /all now we will see the remaining three commands. I think it's good to clear the screen so to clear the screen I am issuing the command C LS c al s clear the screen.

NS LOOKUP COMMANDS:--

 Now we will see the third command which is NSlookup just imagine if you want to access Google.com how will we do that we will open. A browser in the address bar of the browser we will give www.google.com and we will give enter the data link layer. our computer has to put the source MAC address and the destination MAC address and in the network layer part, it has to put our computer's IP address and the destination computer's IP address but as a user, we have given only the name of the computer. which we are going to access is www.google.com we did not mention the IP address of google.com but our computer actually is in a need of an IP address in order to put the IP address in the network layer part but the user has given the only the name of the computer, not the IP address how this is resolved so there is a concept in our networking that is domain name servers so whenever any name is given then know my name servers

DNS SERVER:---

Response to the corresponding IP address for the name that is given for example if we give www.google.com the DNS server that is the domain name server replaced with the IP address of google.com if we want to access NASO Academy dot Virgie will be just giving www.nicaraguanbooks.blogspot.com suppose if we want to know the IP address of NASO Academy daughter RG we'll just give the name of the server that we want to access. so we want to access www.nasa.gov in' the IP address of this server is192.69.2.1 

 Now we got the IP address of the Nessa academy server when any packet wants to come out of this computer, when the user supplies only a name DNS comes into action and converts the name or results, in this name into its corresponding IP addresses so far we have seen three commands IP config that is to view the IP configuration details IP config /all that is to know the physical address and other details, and the third command is NSlookup so it is used to query the DNS server to get The IP address for the given names for the computer name www.eso.org

 ESO survey the DNS server now we know the IP address of NASO. Academy Toto RG is192.69.2.1 now we will check whether our computer is able to reach NASA Academy computer to do this just press ctrl+C to come out of this NSlookup command. so ctrl+C aborts the current execution, and now we will check whether our computer and Nessa Academy dot org computer is reachable to do this.

 I am giving the command pink space the IP address of this computer. so we can give the name of the computer as well as the IP address of the computer we know the IP address of NASO Academy dot Watch is this, so we will just mark this I will just copy this IP address and let me paste this IP address here so I am issuing the command ping 192.69.2.1 it means I want to check whether this way Academy door - Archie is reachable from my computer after issuing this command press.

 Enter so what this computer does it sends four packets to NASA Academy dot o-r-g and if you observe we got four replies from that server that is Nestle Academy server so this computer has sent four packets and we received four acknowledgments so obviously there no loss. because four packets are sent and we receive four acknowledgments so there is no loss so ping is a very handy command, to check whether two computers are reachable or not now we will try to reach some non-existing computers. this IP address is not existing in our network so it is trying to send four packets so it is sending back a number one packet number two now.

 you could see if it does not receive any acknowledgment for that packet so four packets are sent you could see four packets are sent and no acknowledgment is received. so received is equal to zero so how many packets are lost so four packets whatever this computer assent has not reached the destination. this is the destination so we get 100% loss here. so we can also use the ping command like this ping www.facebook.com you could see we are able to get a replay from facebook.com you could see this is the IP address of that computer and this is an ipv6 address.

 so far we have seen IP config IPconfig /all NSlookup and ping now we will see the traceroute command, so let me clear the screen first and let me know the IP address off NASOAcademy dot watch how to find the IP address of miso Academy.ORG we will worry NS-lookup we will ask what is IP address off Nassau Academy dot orgy actually, the NASA Academy has this website so when I give enter we could notice that NASO Academy is having this IP address let me mark and copy this IP address. now let me control see I have aborted the operation on NSlookup now let me clear the screen.

 now trace the route how the packet from my the computer is reaching the destination computer so we have a command called traceroute in Windows it is trace RT. when you go for another operating system. the command is different now concerned about Windows only so issue trace RT RT stands for route some people will say this like tracer no the problem the command distress RT or treasured whatever you want you can call accordingly you call the name of the command as per your wish, but I will go with traceroute tres Artie after giving tres Artie we have to give the IP address of the computer or the name of the computer savant race.

 so I am concerned about tracing the route of NASO Academy Toto Archie we know very well that this is a computer which I am currently working is an end device because this is the last point in the communication and, the Academy server is the endpoint in the other side. so in between my computer and saw Academy dot Hua Ji there are many routers intermediary devices available in this trace. Arctica man shows several details about the path that a packet takes from one device to another so in this case, it is going to show several details about the path. that is taken by a packet from this computer to NASA Academy sever. now if I press ENTER you could notice that this is a different network because  The IP address of the current computer that I'm working on is very different and this is the computer that NASA Academy is using so I want to trace the route from my computer to this computer.

 so this is belonging to a different network so obviously, the packet that is generated from my computer should reach the default gateway that is the first the router I have requested you make a note of the default gateway for the traceroute command sees the first router that it is hitting is 192.168.29.1 and this is the second router third router for throated we could see the packet from this computer is taking as of now it is 11 routers 12th router it acid and it has hit the 13th and 14th router.

 now the traceroute this complete from this computer to NASO Academy dodgy it involves 14 hops so this command takes a maximum of 30 hops and you could see what is the IP address of the intermediary devices or the routers it is hitting first it is hitting this the router that is the default gateway from this default gateway is going to another router.

 with this IP address is 100.90.2.1 and that router is forwarding that packet to this router this there is this and finally, we could see the IP address of the nestled academy dot or RG is reached so this is IP address of Nassau Academy dot watching so in the 14th hop, our packet has reached the destination so traceroute command shows several details like some timings and the IP addresses some names so let us not focus more on this part now let's have a basic idea about this command so traceroute shows several details about the path that a packet takes from one computer or one device to another device and that's it .